PO Project Overview

Project Description

The main goal of the project is to provide controlled vocabularies for the following plant-specific knowledge domains namely,

• Plant Anatomical Entites A controlled vocabulary of plant's morphological and anatomical structures representing organ, tissue and cell types and their relationships. Examples are stamen, gynoecium, petal, parenchyma, guard cell, etc.
• Plant Structure Sevelopmental Stages A controlled vocabulary of growth and developmental stages in various plants and their relationships. Examples are germination, seedling, flowering, etc.

These controlled vocabularies (arranged in a single ontology) is based on internationally published/accepted terminology and definitions.

In order to facilitate the use of the controlled vocabularies as attributes in other ontologies being developed by collaborating databases e.g. Open Biological Ontology (OBO), the PO controlled vocabularies, arranged in ontologies, will facilitate the attribution process and querying at different levels of granularity. The PO controlled vocabularies will also facilitate the execution of uniform queries across participating databases, thereby facilitating interoperability of plant-based databases.

The members of the Plant Ontology Consortium would facilitate the sharing of information and tools developed by the Plant Ontology Consortium. However, each database which utilizes the Plant Ontology information will be able to chose how it will use the information (i.e. a non-federated approach to utilizing PO information will be practiced).

The PO will be developing an independent database of various plant-based ontologies with associated controlled vocabularies. Terminology associated with anatomy and morphology of plants also tends to be taxon specific, at the species level. Consequently, these ontologies will also be species-specific. As the range of plant ontologies grows it is envisaged that more generic ontologies will be developed which will be inclusive of groups of taxa e.g. for grasses such as rice, maize, wheat being members of the Poaceae; for legumes such as soya and medicago of the Fabaceae etc. This is a similar paradigm to that functioning in plant systematics where taxonomic hierarchies at the genus, family level etc. exist. This hierarchical structure of ontologies and associated controlled vocabularies will facilitate data retrieval via appropriate tools.

It is considered extremely important that the terms used in the controlled vocabularies be obtained/derived from internationally published sources and/or usage. Every term in the controlled vocabulary will be accompanied by an appropriate/internationally accepted definition. The definitions provided for the terms will indicate a traceable source for the definition (e.g. ISBN number). If the definition has been modified then the reference will also include a personal signature or identifier of the developer/curator/provider. Synonyms should be indicated wherever available. This standard will contribute to an authoritative product thus encouraging wide spread usage of the ontologies and will foster consistency in the annotation of data by database curators.

PO Curators

See a list of the [Plant Ontology curators].

Data Representation

The PO Consortium adopted a simple data structure called the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). This structure is a type of hierarchy where the biological concepts are organized as a network tree structure in which the nodes at the top (root) of the tree are more general cases of specific terms at the bottom (leaves) of the structure.

Like a simple hierarchy, children are not allowed to be their own ancestors; hence cycles are forbidden.
However, unlike a simple hierarchy, child nodes are allowed to have more than one parent node, thus allowing multiple child to parent relationships.

Use of term-term relationships in the ontology tree

Is_a (or Instance_of): This relationship is used in both the developmental and anatomy ontologies to indicate the relationship between a specific term to a more general one. For example achenium is an instance-of a dry indeshiscent fruit, which is an instance_of fruit.

Part_of: This relationship is used in the anatomy ontology to indicate a subpart/part relationship within a tissue or organ. For example ectocarp is part_of pericarp, which in turn is part_of fruit.

Develops_from: This relationship is used in the anatomy ontology to indicate the temporal relationship between a tissue or organ and its developmental predecessor. For example ectocarp develops_from ovary outer.

Other attributes of terms can also be represented, namely synonym(s), unique identifier and database cross-reference.

A term may have one or more synonyms

Alphanumeric identifier:

Every term has a unique alphanumeric identifier to be used as a database cross-reference [/docs/numbers/number.html identifier] in collaborating databases.